If you’d like to find out whether Jennifer Holmgren can do something, the quickest way is to tell her she can’t.
The Colombian-born chemist started her career in the late 1980s, in a lab in Des Plaines, Illinois, working for a company called UOP that would later be acquired by Honeywell. UOP developed technology for the petroleum and petrochemical industries, and after becoming the company’s director of exploratory research in 2002, Holmgren began pitching the idea of bio-based chemicals and fuels. Given this was a company squarely focused on the fossil fuel industry, she faced plenty of internal pushback from colleagues who thought the whole idea of alternative fuels was something of a joke. Still, by 2006, she’d convinced the higher-ups to create, and let her lead, a renewable energy and chemical division.
不久之后,霍姆格伦的研究引起了人们的注意美国军方,她和她的团队开始发展军用飞机的航空生物燃料使用各种原料,包括动物脂肪,藻类和骆驼,类似于亚麻的种子。霍姆格伦(Holmgren)再次面对同事的怀疑 - 许多人不相信飞机会飞上生物燃料。但是到2010年,反对者不仅在吃他们的话,而且还在吃绿色的大黄蜂味的粉尘。在Earth Day demonstration,海军以50-50的常规喷气燃料和骆驼油基煤油的混合物乘坐战斗机飞行。以超音速速度。
鉴于她飙升的高度,当霍姆格伦(Holmgren)那年离开乌普·霍尼韦尔(Uop Honeywell)成为鲜为人知的新西兰初创公司Lanzatech的第一任首席执行官时,这让她周围的人们感到震惊。该公司的联合创始人兼动力肖恩·辛普森(Sean Simpson)做出了改变游戏规则的发现:一种摄入温室气体并生产乙醇的微生物。霍姆格伦(Holmgren)意识到其他原料的各种局限性,将公司的技术视为潜在的气候解决方案。Lanzatech在寻找新的家庭基地以及首席执行官的地方,搬到了霍姆格伦(Holmgren)居住的芝加哥地区,他们去开发了开发技术,这些技术将废气(然后主要是从钢铁厂的烟囱)转变为化学药品和喷气式飞机燃料。
我心想:“我正在看一项技术,如果它成功了,而不是因为它会改变 - 可以改变一切。”
从那以后的11二年中,Lanzatech已成长为碳回收力。该公司的流程将工业烟囱,农业和垃圾填埋场中的碳废物转化为其合作伙伴使用的乙醇,以制造全部产品,包括联合利华洗碗液,家用清洁剂和Mibelle的塑料包装,科蒂的香水,扎拉的连衣裙。就在上周the company said它计划通过与特殊目的收购公司AMCI Aquisition Corp II合并来公开公开,这项价值Lanzatech的交易为22亿美元。
Lanzatech在自己的运营中不再做的是制造喷气燃料。这是因为在2020年,霍姆格伦(HolmgrenLanzajet。Lanzajet部分由Microsoft气候创新基金提供的5000万美元投资资助,Lanzajet正在佐治亚州Soperton建造其第一家商业生产工厂,并希望该设施将于2023年开始运营。
在她的职业生涯中,现年61岁的霍姆格伦(Holmgren)作为科学家和首席执行官都获得了许多荣誉。Lanzatech的首席可持续发展官必威体育2018Freya Burton将她的老板描述为支持,同情,充满激情和驱动的特征,激发了员工中的奉献精神和忠诚。
但是霍姆格伦的真正超级大国可能只是她坚定不移的人让人们惊讶的能力。她喜欢冒险。她定期证明任何怀疑她的人。简而言之,她是一位柔和的,内向的拉丁科学家,她设法在男性主导的科学和商业世界中蓬勃发展,并以自己的方式这样做。
I recently spoke with Holmgren about her journey, the evolution of alternative aviation fuels and what she sees for the future of renewable jet fuel, carbon recycling and herself. The following interview, which took place before the merger announcement, has been edited for length and clarity. To hear more of the story, tune intoGreenbiz 350播客的第308集。您会感到惊讶。
CJ Clouse: I wanted to start by asking you about your background and influences. What got you interested in science?
Holmgren:I was 9 years old when man landed on the moon in July 1969, and I'd been reading about the U.S. Space program. I remember always waiting for my uncle to come home with the newspaper and opening it up to an update of the Apollo program, tossing it on the floor and just leaning forward. And then, after we came to the U.S., I had these amazing high school teachers, my math teacher, my chemistry teacher, my physics teacher. And I just went crazy; I fell in love with science and really was encouraged by them to pursue it. So I’m the product of the United States public school system. I became who I am today because of them.
克鲁斯:你的家人呢?他们对您成为科学家的前景感到兴奋吗?还是他们希望您从事当时女性更常见的职业或生活?
Holmgren:我很幸运,因为我在一个家庭中长大,父母支持我的每一个异想天开,科学是我的一时兴起。他们非常支持我上大学,获得博士学位。我总是有些不同,所以我认为做一些不同的事情并不意外。
克鲁斯:您在大学攻读哪个科学领域?
Holmgren:So, I'm a chemist. I went to Harvey Mudd College, which is mostly an engineering and science school in California. It's a great school, a small private university. I got my chemistry degree there. And I became a Holmgren there. I married the love of my life, who's a physicist. Then we went to grad school together at the University of Illinois. I got a Ph.D. in chemistry; he got one in physics.
克鲁斯:让我们谈谈您在UOP Honeywell的职业。您对替代燃料的兴趣开始了吗?据我了解,您甚至不得不努力创造出可再生能源和化学药品部门,对吗?
Holmgren:是的,我从成为实验室化学家到管理许多早期研发。这包括我们用来称为探索性和基础研究的内容。我的工作是将公司进入新领域,而我开始关注的是替代原料,除了石油之外。因此,首先我们正在与天然气一起工作,然后我们开始研究生物学。当时,很少有人在谈论气候变化。能源过渡不是一回事,坦率地说,人们可以想象的是天然气。…[然后在2005年]我接到了DARPA(美国国防高级研究计划局)的计划经理的电话,但我不认识他,但他说:“詹妮弗,我听说您正在研究可再生能源柴油,您可以制作可再生的喷气燃料吗?”每个人都说:“您永远不会乘坐另类航空燃料。这不会发生。”…因此,他设定了开发掉线燃料的挑战,我们于2006年开始研究它,到2010年,我们已经做到了。 On Earth Day 2010, we flew the Green Hornet. It went supersonic on alternative aviation fuel. And I remember thinking to myself: In less than five years, we went from "it can't be done" to flying a supersonic jet.
Clouse: Wow, that’s pretty incredible.
Holmgren:它向您表明,人们所说的一切都无法完成。
克鲁斯:因此,您正在UOP Honeywell和新西兰的这家小创业公司Lanzatech进行这项开创性的工作。公司或机会使您离开工作安全并抓住这家年轻公司的机会是什么?
Holmgren:They had already started doing work on a pilot scale, and Sean [Simpson], the founder, and Vinod Khosla, the largest investor, had decided they needed a CEO. And I had developed some really exciting technologies at UOP Honeywell, but it used to keep me up at night because the petroleum industry uses a hundred million barrels of petroleum every day. A hundred million barrels. And we measure the production of alternative fuels in tens of millions of gallons a year. So there's a massive disconnect between what you can do with traditional biological feedstocks and the scale and scope of everything we use today made from fossil fuels. And it used to bother me because we definitely can grow plants to make biofuels, but not at that level. You're going to run into a land issue, a food issue, a water issue. And I kept wondering how we were going to get to scale. So when I got introduced to LanzaTech, here was a company that used carbon monoxide, and my Ph.D. thesis was on using carbon monoxide and hydrogen to make products. And I thought, holy s---. If this works, it's not just a concept that will work with a steel mill that emits carbon monoxide, this will work with any off gas, from a steel mill or a refinery. It will work with gasified solids. It will work with everything. And I thought to myself, I'm looking at a technology that if it is successful — and it wasn't a given that it would be — can change everything. Here's something that can get to scale. So I thought, I’ve got to do this. I’ve got to figure out if this works. And so I did.
Clouse: Can you explain the process? How are greenhouse gases converted into ethanol?
Holmgren:因此,您熟悉糖的发酵啤酒,对吗?我们发酵三种关键气体,而不是糖:一氧化碳;二氧化碳;和氢。而且我们有一种喜欢吃这些东西的细菌,从那是乙醇产生的东西。我们恢复乙醇,并用它做东西。因此,大多数人都认为:“好吧,我们可以用乙醇做什么?我们可以将其放入汽油中。”但是很早,我们就知道未来不在汽油驱动的汽车中。您可以在2010年看到这一点。因此,未来必须在其他方面。我还能用乙醇做什么? Well, what is the biggest chemical feedstock used today? It's ethylene. Basically everything you use, your polyester, your bottles, your cosmetics, your shoes, they all start life as ethylene. And ethanol to ethylene, that's one easy step. So we started to develop the ability to make ethylene from waste ethanol and then use that ethylene to make the products we use in our daily lives.
克鲁斯:那就是你制作扎拉连衣裙的方式。
Holmgren:它的美丽是,没有人想象过您可以服用钢铁磨机并从中制作Zara连衣裙。但是,如果您将世界分为三个部分:化石燃料被用于能源生产;他们习惯了制作燃料。他们习惯了制造产品。然后您开始思考:“好的,我们已经知道如何使用可再生能源来产生电力,让太阳能和风能做到这一点。”而且,我们不需要为汽车制作燃料,因为汽车将是电动的。但是我们确实需要制作喷气燃料。要把电池放在飞机上,并在太阳能上运行并越过大西洋或太平洋要花很长时间。所以我们说,让我们做喷气燃料。然后还有其他部分,我们每天使用的东西必须含有碳,因此我们也专注于此。
克鲁斯:2020年,您纺出公司的航空燃料部门并成立了Lanzajet。决定这样做的背后是什么?
Holmgren:我们认为[替代]喷气燃料确实是一个重要的部门,我们希望它能像快速快速一样更快。因此,我们邀请了战略投资者,Mitsui,Suncor,Shell,British Airways等公司加入我们的规模并迅速进行。您可能已经弄清楚航空是我的初恋。我父亲为航空公司工作。当我在UOP Honeywell时,我们开发了航空燃料。我们在Lanzatech又做了一次。I think aviation’s license to operate will depend on their ability to reduce their carbon emissions, and that social license and my love for the industry says, "We've got to make this go fast. We've got to make this work. This is really important." So LanzaJet is building a 10-million-gallon-a-year plant. Today, there's barely 30 million gallons per year of sustainable aviation fuel being produced. So 10 million is going to be a significant chunk, and that plant should be up and running at the beginning of next year. That's really exciting. These investors have also said, ‘If you meet the KPIs at that scale, we're going to build bigger commercial plants. So we're on a path to having hundreds of millions of gallons of production capacity by the middle of this decade.
我们不再需要碳。因此,我不必担心CO 2或任何这些气体中的任何一种。男孩,如果我们这样做,那将是美好的一天。
克鲁斯:哇,那很快?
Holmgren:哦,是的,我们在上面。我们已经在研究其中一些植物,从事一些可行性工作。看看Suncor关于扩展航空燃料的陈述。看看壳牌公司与我们合作,在瑞典的一个项目中搭配二氧化碳和氢并制造喷气燃料。这是一家大型电力公司Vattenfall发生的。他们都致力于建造植物,并且计划在2025年,2026年之前建造它们。然后将有数亿加仑。
克鲁斯:您看到飞机在某个时候能够飞行100%可再生燃料吗?
Holmgren:好吧,您会看到发动机公司和飞机制造商,波音和空中客车公司,努力达到100%。今天,我们已获得高达50%的认证,他们正在尝试达到100%。但是问题不是设备。问题是,当我们在20到3000万范围内,我们如何达到1000亿加仑的喷气燃料。因此,现在我们需要做的就是更快地制造生产。
克鲁斯:最后一个问题属于“有好问题”类别。因此,您正在捕获通过燃烧化石燃料生产的废物二氧化碳,然后从中制造航空燃料。如果目标是停止燃烧化石燃料,我们最终希望在某个时候停止,废物二氧化碳会用完吗?如果这样做,飞机会飞什么?
Holmgren:首先,我们还可以从加油的市政固体废物中获得[CO2]。我们一直在日本做一个项目。如果您将市政固体废物施加并部分燃烧,您会加油,您会得到相同的气体。我们还在印度做一个项目,我们正在使用通常在现场被烧毁的气化废物生物量。因此,生物质残留物,农业残留物,我们将利用所有这些不同的废物饲料库存来到达那里。CJ,在所有这些废物中,地面上方有足够多的碳,以使我们需要一切。我们不再需要碳。因此,我不必担心CO 2或任何这些气体中的任何一种。男孩,如果我们这样做,那将是美好的一天。