我们需要一个项目亏损养护

This article was originally published onEnsia。

想象一下，这是2040年，我们已经扭转了灭绝危机，我们是在2020年面临着回来。

Species counts are on the rebound in the oceans, on land and in the air. Crucial habitats no longer are routinely turned into farmland or other uses unfriendly to biodiversity. There’s still plenty of work to do, but we can see light at the end of the tunnel — enough to know it isn’t the headlight of a train hurtling toward us.

How did we do it? What were the specific interventions and policies that turned things around from the near-dire state we’re in today?

As a conservation scientist, I think we know enough to identify the top priorities we should be pursuing:

1. Invest corporate fundsin biodiversity protection。This makes sense, considering the risks companies face to their supply chains and bottom lines when nature is degraded. Once industries invest in protecting biodiversity, it quickly will become part of the world’s business and financial markets.
2. Mainstream the value of ecosystems and their servicesinto national and subnational budgets, policy planning and implementation by "acknowledging that nature and nature-based solutions are the foundation of social and economic development," as otherswrote in Ensia。这将提高生物多样性保护作为工作重点有更多的政策制定者。
3. Include biodiversity protection in global sustainability goals,such as with the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) on agriculture and climate change, instead of isolating it in things such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which are less well known. Biodiversity is not only an explicit part of SDG14和15,同时也为所有的经济基础。考虑到所有SDG目标固有的生物多样性将确保它纳入经济的可持续发展。
4. 就减少碳排放量显著进步和prepare habitats for climate change impacts already baked into the system.
5. Mitigate plastic pollution通过专注于可扩展的干预措施在适当的全球废物管理，而不是转移注意力和资源投入的东西，如塑料吸管禁令。
6. 确保保护在真空中不存在。生物多样性保护目前主要是自然科学的范围，即使是专注于物种或栖息地恢复，而社会或经济上不包括地方任何人的做法是不可能成功的。除非科学集成到社会经济环境更科学是不可能产生的结果。

有仍然有许多工作要做，但我们可以在隧道尽头看到光 - 足以知道这是不是一列火车向我们飞驰的大灯。

That’s a pretty short list. It won’t be enough to reach a 2040 in which we’re optimistic that we’ve turned the corner for biodiversity. We’ll need many more proven interventions.

最大的问题是，哪些？There are lots of interventions that we’re trying or would like to try but for which we simply don’t have enough evidence to determine whether the results will be worth the costs, whether they can scale enough to make a big difference, or even whether they’ll work at all. Among them:

• Protected areas。保护区一直是保护组织和各国政府推进生物多样性保护的关键战略。然而，根据一项研究发表在PNAS11月陆地保护区也没有超过过去15年的平均种减压。需要什么样的条件，保护领域取得成功？我们如何保持这些条件作为国际社会的尝试，到2020年召开的中央商务区的十月份以后迅速扩大保护区？
• Assisted migration.Ecologists have been debating移栽母语范围之外的物种for well over a decade. As the impacts of climate change accelerate and species’ native ranges dwindle, we still don’t know whether and in which cases the risks outweigh the benefits.
• Synthetic biology.Synthetic biology and engineered gene drives have been proposed forridding islands of invasive rodentsthat compete with endangered species and for enhancing the resilience of species vulnerable to climate change. But because little of the investment currently pouring into synthetic biology goes to investigating how it might benefit conservation (instead it goes to food, ag, consumer products such as skin care restoratives, health care, industrial chemical production, gene editing innovations and other non-conservation efforts), we don’t know whether it really could be a game changer.

To lengthen the list of strategies we do know will work, we need a different kind of approach than one only based in slow, peer-reviewed science.

We need a项目亏损for biodiversity.

教训项目减少

项目亏损is a research organization that "reviews, analyses and identifies the most viable global climate solutions, and shares these findings with the world." The organization has produced a tableranking the most impactful 82 climate change solutionsas measured by a single metric: total atmospheric CO2 reduction.

保护社会需要一个类似的黄金标准度量评估生物多样性干预措施的影响。并把它捡起，并创建一个类似项目亏损的一个表，我们需要建立一个类似项目的亏损一个强有力的证据基础已经合成（见第5号的组织的名单上常见,stions了解其过程）。

将指标回升，项目提款的保护应该从原来的项目提款几个其他页面。

Without substantial resources and global buy-in, we’ll continue on our present course of slow science and the increasing marginalization of biodiversity.

First, Project Drawdown evaluates solutions by a wide range of criteria, including scalability, economic viability, size of impact and whether positive results will outweigh negative ones. Biodiversity conservation, which for too long has been focused on philanthropically funded solutions that cannot support themselves and that still too often have negative impacts on human communities, needs to think similarly about its interventions.

Second, Project Drawdown has been effective in communicating its solutions to broader audiences through a book, an interactive website and partnership outreach. Biodiversity conservation science needs to move beyond technical papers and reports so its solutions are more easily accessible to the private sector, civil society and the policymaking community.

三，项目的亏损是有生命的研究项目，致力于与新兴的干预研究更新其推荐的解决方案。项目亏损养护需要审查和测试新的干预类似的持续承诺，并推荐最有前途的人作进一步的大规模测试。

Figuring out what works — fast

项目亏损养护都需要大量的资源和全球的买入。但是，如果没有他们，我们将继续我们目前的缓慢科学和生物多样性的日益边缘化的过程。获取我们想要的星球在2040和手段搞清楚什么可行，什么不可行尽可能快，并使得成功的干预地球上的每个扇区标准操作规程。我们需要每一个主要的保护组织，资助者和捐助者正努力争取的证据基础，可能导致项目亏损的保护。没有它，2040将会使2020看起来像在公园里散步。有了它，我们有一线希望对维持地球上生命的未来。